According to

According to Eos

The dream of colonizing the Moon has long been dominated by images of gleaming metal, pressurized domes, and nuclear propulsion. We tend to view space exploration as a triumph of engineering—a realm of physics, trajectory calculations, and rocket fuel. However, a groundbreaking new study highlights a truth that biologists have whispered for decades but engineers are only just accepting: if we want to survive on other worlds, we cannot go alone. We must bring the “filth” of Earth with us.

According to a recent report from Eos, covering research led by Jessica Atkin and colleagues at Texas A&M University, the key to sustainable agriculture on the Moon is not advanced hydroponics or synthetic nutrients. It is a biological trinity that sounds decidedly unglamorous: fungi, vermicompost (worm manure), and the careful management of organic waste.

As we stand on the precipice of the Artemis program era, where humanity plans to return to the Moon to stay, this research serves as a critical reality check. It shifts the narrative from “conquering” space to “cultivating” it.

The Hostile Canvas: Understanding Lunar Regolith

To understand why this research is revolutionary, we must first understand the enemy: Lunar Regolith.

To the naked eye, the Moon appears covered in dust, much like a desert on Earth. But calling it “soil” is a geological insult. Earth soil is a living matrix, teeming with microbes, organic matter, decaying roots, and water. It is a sponge for life.

Lunar regolith, by contrast, is the corpse of a geological past. It is comprised of crushed volcanic rock, glass shards created by meteorite impacts, and aggressive dust particles.

Physical Hostility: Unlike river stones smoothed by water or wind, lunar dust particles are jagged and sharp at a microscopic level. They shred root systems like broken glass.

Chemical Void: Regolith contains plenty of minerals, but it is chemically unavailable to plants. It lacks carbon and nitrogen—the building blocks of life.

Hydrophobia: It does not hold water well, leading to issues where water either pools uselessly or evaporates instantly in a vacuum (though in a pressurized greenhouse, it simply drains away or clumps).

Toxicity: It can contain heavy metals and perchlorates that are toxic to biological life.

Previous experiments, including those from the Apollo era, showed that while plants can sprout in regolith, they quickly become stressed, stunted, and malnourished. They are essentially starving in a bowl of razor blades.

The Study: A Biological recipe for Terraforming

The research team at Texas A&M University sought to transform this hostile gray powder into a living substrate. They didn’t use real moon dust (which is too rare and precious), but rather a high-fidelity lunar simulant—a manufactured powder that mimics the chemical and physical properties of the Moon’s surface.

Their test subject was the chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Why the chickpea? It is a legume, meaning it is hardy, protein-rich, and capable of forming symbiotic relationships with bacteria to fix nitrogen—a crucial trait for nutrient-poor environments.

But the chickpea cannot do it alone. The researchers introduced two critical amendments:

Vermicompost: This is the polite term for worm manure. It provides the organic matter, the structure, and the microbiome that regolith lacks.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF): This is the secret weapon. These ancient fungi penetrate the roots of plants and extend their hyphae far into the soil, acting as a secondary root system.

The Fungal Architect: Why Mold Matters

From the perspective of Mold News, the introduction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is the most fascinating aspect of this experiment.

In the sterile vacuum of space theory, engineers often try to sterilize everything to prevent contamination. This study proves that sterility is death. To make plants grow, we need to infect them—beneficially.

AMF act as the “internet” of the soil. When introduced to the chickpea plants in the lunar simulant, the fungi did what they have done on Earth for 400 million years:

Nutrient Mining: The fungal hyphae are finer than plant roots. They can navigate the jagged, compacted regolith to hunt for phosphorus and other trace minerals that the plant cannot reach.

Chemical Barter: In exchange for sugars produced by the plant’s photosynthesis, the fungi deliver these mined nutrients back to the host.

Structure Building: The fungi produce a sticky protein called glomalin. This protein acts like glue, binding the loose, dusty regolith into stable aggregates (clumps). This transforms the dust into “soil,” improving water retention and aeration.

The Results: Resilience Over Speed

The results of the experiment were telling. The chickpeas grown in the lunar simulant with both vermicompost and fungi didn’t just survive; they reached maturity and produced seeds.

Crucially, the plants took longer to flower compared to those grown in perfect Earth potting soil. They showed signs of stress. However, from a survivalist perspective, this is a victory. The goal of lunar agriculture is not to win a county fair ribbon for the biggest pumpkin; it is to create a calorie source that doesn’t die when the supply ship from Earth is late.

The fungi provided a buffer. They effectively “sequestered” the toxic elements of the regolith and managed the plant’s water intake, allowing the chickpea to endure the harsh conditions of the simulated moon dirt.

The “Yuck” Factor: Closing the Loop

This research forces us to confront the “unsanitary” reality of deep space survival. The vermicompost used in the study is a stand-in for what will eventually be the primary resource on a lunar base: human waste.

On Earth, we flush waste away and forget about it. On the Moon, there is no “away.” Every gram of carbon and nitrogen that enters an astronaut’s body must be recaptured. This concept is known as a Closed Ecological Life Support System (CELSS).

The study suggests that we cannot simply chemically process our waste into sterile fertilizer pellets. We need the biology. We need the worms to break it down; we need the bacteria to process it; and we need the fungi to connect it to the plants.

This means a future Moon base will not smell like ozone and antiseptic. It will smell like a garden—which is to say, it will smell of dirt, rot, and life.

Analysis: The Shift from Physics to Biology

As we analyze this development, we see a paradigm shift in space exploration strategy.

Phase 1: The Camping Trip (Apollo Era)
In the 1960s, we packed everything we needed. We brought the oxygen, the water, and the freeze-dried food. We stayed for a few days and left. This is efficient for short trips but economically impossible for long-term habitation. The cost of launching water and soil to the Moon is astronomical (literally thousands of dollars per kilogram).

Phase 2: In-Situ Resource Utilization (The Current Goal)
The new strategy relies on In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)—”living off the land.” We know there is water ice at the lunar poles. We know there is oxygen trapped in the rocks. Now, thanks to studies like this, we know we can use the dirt itself.

However, this transition requires a humility that is often lacking in the “move fast and break things” tech sector. You cannot hack a plant’s biology. You cannot force a chickpea to grow in broken glass without help. We are learning that our technology is insufficient without the partnership of ancient biological systems.

The Psychological Component: The Biophilia Hypothesis

There is a secondary, often overlooked benefit to this fungal-agricultural approach: the mental health of the astronauts.

Living in a tin can surrounded by the deadly vacuum of space is psychologically corrosive. The concept of Biophilia suggests that humans have an innate need to connect with nature.

A hydroponic lab with plants growing in plastic tubes is functional, but a garden with soil—soil that you can smell, soil that contains worms and fungi—offers a grounding connection to Earth. The act of composting, of managing a fungal colony, of turning “dead” regolith into “living” soil, gives astronauts a role as custodians of life, rather than just passengers in a machine.

The Challenges Ahead

While the Eos report is optimistic, we must remain rational about the hurdles.

Radiation: This study was conducted on Earth (or in a lab). On the Moon, these plants and fungi will be bombarded by cosmic radiation. We do not yet know if the delicate mycorrhizal networks will degrade or mutate under such bombardment.

Gravity: The Moon has 1/6th of Earth’s gravity. Fluid dynamics change in low gravity. Will the fungi be able to transport nutrients effectively when water doesn’t drain the same way?

Contamination: If we introduce aggressive Earth fungi to the Moon, and they escape the habitat, do we risk compromising future scientific search for indigenous life (however unlikely on the Moon, but highly relevant for Mars)?

Conclusion: The Holobiont Traveler

In conclusion, this news is a profound reminder of what a human being actually is. We like to think of ourselves as individuals, but we are “Holobionts”—assemblages of a host and millions of symbiotic microbes.

We cannot leave Earth without taking Earth with us. Not just the blue marble in the rearview mirror, but the biological complexity of the soil beneath our feet.

The Texas A&M study proves that the path to the stars is paved with fungi. If we are to walk on the Moon again, we will not be walking alone. We will be walking with the worms, the bacteria, and the silent, invisible webs of mycorrhizal molds that have sustained life on this planet for eons.

The first footprint on the lunar base might be a boot, but the second footprint will be a root, wrapped in a fungal embrace.

References

Rillig, M.C. (2004). Arbuscular mycorrhizae, glomalin, and soil aggregation. Canadian Journal of Soil Science.

Ferl, R.J. & Paul, A.-L. (2016). Plant biology in space. npj Microgravity.

According to Eos

Frequently Asked Questions

How would fungi help build structures on the Moon or Mars?

The concept of mycotecture (fungal architecture) in space is being developed by researchers including those at Ames Research Center (NASA) through the Myco-Architecture project. The approach involves: transporting compressed fungal spawn (dried fungal inoculum), agricultural waste (likely grown during the journey or from pre-positioned supplies), and adding local regolith to serve as structural filler; growing the mycelium composite in mould forms over 5–14 days in a controlled environment; then heat-killing the structure to stabilise it. The resulting composite would be self-sealing (cracks could potentially be filled by growing additional mycelium), insulating (low thermal conductivity), radiation-absorbing (particularly if melanised fungi are used), and biodegradable if the structure ever needs to be dismantled.

Can fungi actually grow in space, and what evidence exists?

Multiple experiments have tested fungal growth in space environments. Fungal spores have been tested for viability after exposure to space vacuum and cosmic radiation outside the ISS (astrobiology experiments) and show remarkable survival. Mycelium growth experiments conducted aboard the ISS have demonstrated that Aspergillus niger and other fungal species can establish, grow, and sporulate in microgravity—though growth patterns differ from Earth conditions, with some three-dimensional colony morphologies that do not occur under gravity. The primary finding is that fungal biology is not fundamentally disrupted by microgravity, making space-based mycelium cultivation feasible in principle. Key remaining unknowns include long-duration effects of combined microgravity and radiation on mycelium composite quality.

What is the role of fungi and earthworms in space life support systems?

Closed-loop life support—recycling waste into food and structural materials without resupply from Earth—is a fundamental requirement for long-term planetary habitation. Fungi and earthworms together could address multiple waste streams. Saprotrophic fungi decompose plant cellulose and agricultural waste into compost; certain fungi can also partially decompose human fecal waste (hygienically processed). Earthworms further break down fungal-processed material and produce vermicompost—a high-quality plant growth medium. Plants grow in the vermicompost, producing food and oxygen while removing CO₂. The complete loop (human waste → fungal/worm decomposition → plant growth medium → food → human waste) represents a fully biological waste recycling system that could dramatically reduce the payload mass required for long-duration missions.

What challenges must be solved before fungal space habitats are practical?

Multiple technical challenges remain. Controlling fungal growth: in a pressurised habitat, uncontrolled fungal growth could colonise equipment, food, or living spaces—maintaining the boundary between ‘construction zone’ and ‘living zone’ requires robust containment. Regolith compatibility: lunar and Martian soils have different chemical compositions from Earth soils and may lack some trace elements needed for fungal growth, or contain toxic elements (Mars soil contains perchlorates that can be toxic to fungi). Structural qualification: space structure requirements (pressure containment, meteoroid impact resistance, radiation shielding, seismic loads) must be tested against mycelium composite performance. Timelines: fungal growth takes days to weeks, whereas rapid emergency shelter construction may sometimes be required. Finally, regulatory frameworks for biological construction materials in crewed space applications do not yet exist.

Are there Earth applications of this research on fungal construction materials?

The space habitat research builds on and contributes to the broader field of mycelium materials for terrestrial construction. Earth applications are significantly more advanced commercially: Ecovative Design’s mycelium packaging, MOGU’s acoustic tiles, and various mycelium insulation research programmes are already producing commercial products. The space research contributes to Earth applications by: studying mycelium growth under extreme conditions (temperature extremes, unusual substrates) that expand understanding of fungal resilience; driving development of standardised testing protocols for mycelium structural performance; and creating investor and public interest in the material that channels resources into commercialisation. The long-term economic opportunity of mycelium as a replacement for fossil-fuel-derived foam insulation and packaging is considered the primary commercial driver, with space applications as a compelling proof-of-concept narrative.